Vol. 14 No. 2 (2026)
Space and Culture, India

Research

Socio-Political and Cultural Transformation of Central Asian States in the Era of Global Crises: Challenges to Security and Resilience

Published 2026-09-26

  • Gulnaz Kanafina
    • ,
  • Gulbakhyt Shashayeva
    • ,
  • Naziya Tasilova
    • ,
  • Svetlana Zhumasheva

Gulnaz Kanafina
Senior Lecturer at the Department of International Relations, Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Kazakhstan

Gulbakhyt Shashayeva
Head, Department of Pedagogy, Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Kazakhstan

Naziya Tasilova
Senior Lecturer, Department of History, Farabi University, Kazakhstan

Svetlana Zhumasheva
Department of Pedagogy, Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Kazakhstan

Abstract

The study examines the socio-political transformations unfolding in Central Asia and seeks to identify the principal challenges and threats shaping regional development. The research draws on a diverse set of sources, including Deutsche Welle, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank Group, Tengri News, and Radio Azattyk. The methodological framework combines legal, content, comparative, and statistical analyses.

The structured analytical approach employed in the study included thematic coding for content analysis, comparative examination of governance models and reform trajectories, and legal analysis of national policy documents. Statistical analysis incorporated secondary datasets, including cyber threat indicators from MixMode, which capture multiple dimensions of risk across the region. The findings indicate that socio-political and cultural change in Central Asia is driven by several interrelated factors, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the recruitment of labour migrants into military service, globalisation, and the enduring authoritarian legacy of the Soviet period.

In Kazakhstan, the adoption of the Social Code in 2023 represented a significant step towards strengthening social equity, while the country is simultaneously undergoing a process of political reorientation often described as “de Nazarbayevisation”. Culturally, Kazakhstan continues its transition to the Latin script. Uzbekistan is experiencing a cultural revival, reflected in the renovation of major cultural institutions. In Kyrgyzstan, despite its status as the most democratic state in the region, the 2021 constitutional referendum expanded presidential powers. The country also faces constraints in cultural funding, although progress has been made through the 2022 presidential decree supporting the national film industry.

In conclusion, although Central Asian governments are striving to develop more autonomous domestic and foreign policies, they remain significantly dependent on external actors in international relations.

Keywords

Digitalisation, Cyber Threats, Labour Migration, Alphabet, National Identity, Central Asian States

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Author Biography

Gulnaz Kanafina

Gulnaz Kanafina is a Senior Lecturer and holds a PhD in Politics at the Department of International Relations, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University in Almaty. Her academic profile is centred on international relations, diplomacy, and the institutional dimensions of regional and global governance. The research information provided includes work on the social policy of the Kyrgyz Republic in the context of Eurasian Economic Union integration and on the institutionalisation of climate diplomacy within the global governance system. These themes reflect an interest in policy coordination, international institutions, and contemporary diplomatic processes.

 

Gulbakhyt Shashayeva

Gulbakhyt Shashayeva holds a PhD and serves as Head of the Department of Pedagogy at Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University in Almaty. Her professional profile is rooted in pedagogy, academic leadership, and higher education. In her departmental role, she works within an institutional environment concerned with the preparation of educators and the development of pedagogical knowledge. Her academic affiliation also places her within one of Kazakhstan’s major teacher-education universities, where pedagogical theory, educational practice, and the professional development of future teachers form central areas of scholarly and instructional activity.

Naziya Tasilova

Naziya Tasilova is a Senior Lecturer with a PhD in the Department of History of Kazakhstan, Farabi University in Almaty. Her research and publication profile spans history, diplomacy, education, and cultural heritage. The works listed in the provided materials address digital diplomacy in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan; public diplomacy; communication technologies in STEM education; and the teaching of Kazakh cultural heritage through museum-based extracurricular activities. She has also contributed to research on the psychological and pedagogical readiness of future teachers for the moral and spiritual development of senior school students.

Svetlana Zhumasheva

Svetlana Zhumasheva is an Associate Professor and holds a PhD in Pedagogical Sciences at the Department of Pedagogy, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University in Almaty. Her research profile reflects current challenges in education and teacher preparation. The publications listed in the source materials address bullying prevention among schoolchildren, the influence of generative neural-network tools on the quality of future teachers’ professional preparation, and the potential of digital pedagogy for developing the competencies of contemporary physical education teachers. Her work connects pedagogical practice with digital transformation, professional competence, and student well-being.

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